Mushroom Dosage: What Is the Right Amount of Shrooms? The maximum known potency of P. cinctulus puts them at about half as strong as your average P. cubensis variety. You can also try out ourmagic mushroom dosage calculatorwhere you can choose between six dosage levels, includingmicrodoseandheroic dose. One record of such an event involved a hospital admission of a Scottish man and woman who reported nausea, difficulty carrying out work, as well as a sharpening of the senses.. If youre used to dosing with P. cubensis, a good starting point for consuming P. cinctulus would be at least the same amount as your preferred P. cubensis dose. PLeurocystidia not found. There has been some promising data produced with one study showing that all 19 participants had reduced depressive symptoms, one week after treatment with psilocybin, and 47% met the criteria response, five weeks post-treatment [2.]. The result is that one finds many specimens in the process of transforming their colors, with different tones in distinct areas. I'm in full agreement with Paul Stamets, the mushroom consumed must have been Panaeolus cinctulus, the many clues in the story provided all point to Panaeolus cinctulus. Given this variation in potency, some have found that a psychedelic experience brought on by a particularly strong batch of P. cinctulus might be more comparable to trip on a weaker variety of P. cubensis. I believe Mushrooms are the best kept secret when it comes to health and well being. Always seek medical advice before self-administering for medicinal purposes and if pregnant or breastfeeding. When mica is young, Ive seen it meet most of the description of Pan Cyan. Thanks for coming by Margaret, hope to see you again! Basidia 2- and 4-spored. In Denver, Panaeolina foenisecii are claimed to be psychoactive, there are several cases in which a parent allowed a child to play in the lawn, and later found the child eating mushrooms and hallucinating, there are actually a few of these cases, however the mushroom identified in all cases was Panaeolina foenisecii. Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, meaning it needs to come from dietary sources, and serotonin is a neurotransmitter produced in the brain. One other obvious difference between fungi in these two genera can be seen provided you have access to a high-powered microscope: you will see that the spores of Panaeolus fungi are smooth while those of Panaeolinus are minutely roughened. Happy tripping if they are! It can be found in many regions, including: Africa[7] (South Africa),[7] Austria,[7][8] Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Ontario, Quebec), Nova Scotia,[7] Denmark,[8] Finland,[9] France,[7] Germany,[7][8] Great Britain,[7] Guadeloupe,[8] Estonia,[7] Iceland,[7] India,[7] Ireland,[7] Italy,[7] South Korea,[7] Japan,[7] Mexico,[9] New Guinea,[7] New Zealand,[7] Norway,[8] Philippines,[7] Russia,[7] Slovenia,[8] South America (Argentina, Chile, Brazil)[7] and the United States (it is common in Oregon, Alaska, Washington, and both Northern and Southern California, but is also known to occur in all 50 states). Sometimes bruising bluish at the base. Panaeolus cinctulus Look-alikes P. cinctulus is a little brown mushroom. Potentially psychedelic mushroom growing everywhere in my lawn - Reddit French botanist and mycologist Ren Charles Joseph Ernest Maire (1878-1949) transferred the Brown Mottlegill to its present genus in 1933. Row, row, row your boat, Gently down the stream. This species is considered inedible and does not contain psilocybin. Trip buddies are useful too for taking care of practical matters that are difficult to attend to when not sober. Panaeolus Retrugis As a note, the closest look-alikes on lawns are the Panaeolina Foenisecci. Come find out the supplement industry's dirty secret. Panaeolina foenisecii: The Ultimate Mushroom Guide Smell: May sometimes smell a little mealy. You can generally find them if you put the effort in to look, though they seem to fruit most abundantly after rain, and seem to prefer well watered well . Subbedhunter's Complete Guide to Panaeolus Subbalteatus - Mushroom The spores ripen in patches and the dark brown colour of the ripest ones causes the mottling. & Broome (1861)Panaeolus subbalteatus (Berk. Cinctuluscapades - Fungi: Magic Mushrooms - Mycotopia Galerina marginata is another look-a-like that is deadly if eaten, it has a rusty orange spore print and will usually be found growing on decaying wood; it also bruises black rather than blue-green like Panaeolus cyanescens on its stem. Panaeolus cinctulus is a cosmopolitan species that grows solitary to gregarious to cespitose (densely clumped) on compost piles, well-fertilized lawns and gardens, and, rarely, directly on horse dung. Habitat: In lawns, on woodchips, in forests; saprotrophic. 1.55.5 cm (582+18 in), hemispherical to convex when young to broadly umbonate or plane in age, smooth, hygrophanous, striking cinnamon-brown when moist, soot-black when wet which disappears as the mushroom completely dries out. The different Latin names have now been gathered under P. cinctulus, but the old common name of weed panaeolus is still used, along with names like girdled panaeolus, banded mottlegill, and red capsreferring to different aspects of this mushrooms appearance. Generated in 0.022 seconds spending 0.008 seconds on 4 queries. Found them in , Panaeolina foenisecii Mushrooms Up! However, like other psilocybin-containing mushroom species, the alkaloid content of P. cinctulus may vary between young and old mushrooms and between mushrooms picked in different regions. In this regard, psilocybin found in Panaeolus cyanescens has been explored as a potential therapeutic for depression, anxiety, and mood disorders. In many field guides, it is erroneously listed as psychoactive, however, the mushroom does not produce any hallucinogenic effects. cheers, really good article, btw <3, in case that someone would like to ingest these, is making tea the best option? P.cinctulus specifically is often said to give a happier trip than the more familiar (to many) Psilocybe cubensis, thanks to a slightly different chemical profile, although there are very few published trip reports for this species[ii]. Beug, M. W., Shaw, M. & Cochran, K. W. Thirty-plus years of mushroom poisoning: Summary of the approximately 2,000 reports in the NAMA case registry. Lawnmower's mushroom10, sketch by Oluna Ceska showing the habit, warty spores with a small pore at one end, and the elongate or bottle-shaped sterile cells that give gill edges their light colour. I'm almost positive they are P.cinctulus, although I'm not really sure how difficult it would be to identify one compared to, say, P. acuminatus, or another similar Panaeolus. Panaeolina, the genus name of this little brown mushroom, suggests that this species has similarities with those in the genus Panaeolus. List of Panaeolus species - Wikipedia Or is there some secret substrate recipe for P. cinctulus sclerotia waiting to be discovered? We are pillars of society. heya, are these also called Hawaiians? Spores are somewhat smaller (7.5 to 10.5 (13) x 4.5 to 6.5 (7) m in two toxic species, Galerina marginata and Conocybe filaris compared with the lawnmower's mushroom. Be sure to double and triple check your identifications before consuming mushrooms that could be psychedelic, because they often have poisonous look-alikes. Crucial identifying features for Panaeolina foenisecii include its small size and habitat in the grass, along with the dark brown to purplish brown spore print, the lack of a ring or other evidence of a partial veil, and the "hygrophanous" cap: as the cap loses moisture and begins to dry out, its color changes rather dramatically. Covered with a glass. Farinaceous (like flour) when fresh, saliferous (salty) when dried. 210 cm long, 29 mm thick, equal or tapered at the ends, reddish-brown to whitish, pruinose, hollow, no veil remnants, longitudinally white-fibrillose and white-powdered, striate at the apex or twisting vertically down the entire length of the stipe, Stem base and mycelium occasionally staining blue. Panaeolus cinctulus or Panaeolus olivaceus. Panaeolus albellus. Eating five or fewer lawnmower's mushrooms that were later carefully identified did not cause significant illness in children in Germany and Switzerland. There is no consensus about the correct taxonomic position of fungi in the genera Panaeolus and Panaeolina, which some authorities include in the family Strophariaceae and others in the Bolbitiaceae. However, they can be distinguished by their black spores. Thin. There is a lot of controversy around whether Panaeolus cyanescens is considered toxic or not. editorial process and fact-checking here. The color of the cap changes as the mushroom dries out (hygrophanous), with moist caps looking reddish-brown and dry caps taking on a creamy white appearance. The look-alike and indicator species vary from habitat to habitat so you wont have the same look-alikes or indicator mushrooms on a lawn as you will on a compost pile. Panaeolus cinctulus: Identification, Look Alikes, Effects & Potency (First two pictures). Spores 1318 x 710 m; subamygdaliform; with a large pore (2 m); verrucose; reddish brown and uniguttulate in KOH; dextrinoid. 610 cm long; 1.53 mm thick; more or less equal, or tapering slightly toward the base; when fresh and young often finely ridged with longitudinal lines of whitish flocculence, but soon becoming bald; white when young, becoming whitish toward the top and brownish to brown below; fragile; hollowing; basal mycelium white. Dark brown to purple-brown or nearly black. Panaeolus cyanescens produces serotonin and tryptophan in addition to the psychoactive compounds. Please note that use or possession of psilocybin is against Federal law in the United States and is also illegal in many other countries. Possibly a look alike for panaeolus cinctulus #24444727 - 06/29/17 01:11 PM (4 years, 3 months ago) It's been pretty wet so I've been finding all kinds of amazing little fungi. With that being said, if you want to try and find a dose that works for you, check out our general magic mushroom dosage guide. We are not slack-jawed, dazed, glazed, unemployable psychotic creeps. The Dung Roundhead, has a transient ring and leaves a brown spore print. He could observe some things not noticed by the victims, both of whom experienced nearly the same effects. Regardless, it will cause hallucinations. During the early 1900s, these species were referred to as the "weed Panaeolus" because they were commonly found in beds of the commercially grown, grocery-store mushroom Agaricus bisporus. I recently became interested in hunting shrooms, instead of growing them myself, and I came across a post that said Panaeolus cinctulus is common in well fertilized lawns in the midwest (I'm in the midwest, and I do use fertilizer). It has been found in the USA in all 50 states and every continent except Antarctica. Lack of a ring around the stem is inconclusive, however, because rings may be fragile, present when mushrooms are young and disappearing with age. Narrowly attached to the stem; close or nearly distant; short-gills frequent; grayish to brownish at first, becoming darker brown; sometimes with a mottled appearance; sometimes with pale edges. Panaeolus albovelutinus. Spores: Somewhat variable. It grows from Spring to Fall seasons. Produced a spore print by separating the cap, placing it face down on a white sheet of paper, and adding a drop of water to stimulate the process. Panaeolus cinctulus: Identification, Effects & More - DoubleBlind Mag A Comprehensive List of Common Wild Mushrooms in Oklahoma Gills: Brownish when young, becoming darker with age. Hausknecht, A. I know you'd need at least 600x magnification, which I have, but I havent gotten much further than that. Attachment adnate to uncinate, close, slightly swollen in the centre, and with three tiers of intermediate gills inserted. Cap: Small to medium-sized, becoming almost flat with age except for the usually wavy margins. or somewhat weaker, meaning somebody used to cubes would want a similar or larger dose to achieve the same results. Will future attempts to grow these blue pearls always be destined to be a waste of effort? Notes: 2021 DoubleBlind Mag | Privacy Policy | Refunds. Bulk substrates typically include some horse manure or straw to mimic the natural environment where P. cinctulus are typically found. he lady referred to as Mrs. Y., who also ate the mushrooms, is his niece by marriage. Shroomery, [ii] Ghetto_Chem (2015). It includes Panaeolus cinctulus, although it uses the scientific synonym for this mushroom ( Panaeolus subbalteatus ). These mushrooms have been consumed for approximately 3000 years, originally dating back to Mexico, and are still used by natives in ceremonies, including religious ceremonies, and for healing purposes. Cap: Up to 4cm diameter; smooth surface, but sometimes cracked in dry weather; thin flesh; bruises blue or blue-green; bell-shaped cap to convex; can become wavy. Despite its alarming history and association with so-called poisonings no human deaths have ever been recorded from this mushroom. Y.) Health claims include everything from help with migraines to alleviating treatment-resistant depression. When wet, the surface is completely brown or orange brown. British Columbia: 604-682-5050 or 1-800-567-8911. The psilocybin and psilocin levels are higher in Panaeolus cyanescens than in other magic mushrooms, of which there may be over 100 different types. They are particularly fond of nutrient-rich areas, especially where livestock graze, as they grow on dung. Mushroom Observer: Observation 207072: Panaeolus cinctulus , Panaeolus cinctulus? The legal status of psilocybin mushrooms varies worldwide. 12 x 8 m, smooth, ellipitic-citriform, thick-walled. You can't run your computers, your fashion houses, your publishing houses, your damn magazines, you can't do anything in culture without psychedelic people in key positions. 651-657 in, Schenk-Jaeger, K. M. et al. Shroomery - Panaeolus cinctulus cinctulus (Bolton) Cooke (1883), Panaeolus fimicola var. Look-alikes include hallucinogenic mushrooms that can be recognized by their darker spore colours-black in Panaeolus species; dark purplish brown in Psilocybe species; and by the bases of their stems, which in the hallucinogenic species often bruise blue. They are macroscopically similar mushrooms that were once thought to be the same. That is, while psilocybin use does have its risks (see note on Toxicity), dangerous reactions are rare. We live in the Pacific northwest and have several types that have dangerous look-alikes. [i] (n.d.). Basidia 4-sterigmate. Farmers of the popular white button mushrooms have used another name for itthe weed Panaeolus. Though the subjective effects of magic mushrooms may be shaped by the relative concentrations of different alkaloids, you can expect that a trip on P. cinctulus will share many of the similar features, like those felt from a more commonly available species like Psilocybe cubensis. Everyone thought this shroom was poisonousand then they realized it was magic. However, potency can vary from specimen to specimen, plus human sensitivity also varies. Odour: Indistinct. 18 votes, 12 comments. Although careful attention to identification details and habitat will exclude virtually all of these look-alikes fairly quickly, the danger is that someone might not pay attention. These are my Favorite Magic Mushroom Spores. Like other psychedelic mushrooms, P. cinctulus have been found to contain psilocybin, psilocin, and baeocystin. One record of such an event involved a hospital admission of a Scottish man and woman who reported nausea, difficulty carrying out work, as well as a sharpening of the senses.. Note: Cultivating and foraging psilocybin mushrooms remains illegal in many places around the world. The most common serious unpleasant effect is anxiety, although many people find that psilocybin use actually alleviates anxiety. Treatment: Contact your regional Poison Control Centre if children or pets have eaten any small brown mushrooms, or if someone you know becomes ill after consuming mushrooms like these. 21. r/ShroomID 7 days ago. The flesh is cinnamon-brown to cream-colored and thin. The most widely distributed in the world. Despite this, dedicated growers have successfully grown the mycelium on agar, liquid culture, grain, and PF tek cakes. Hi guys ive been a long time lurker from the /shrooms and im looking to be apart of this community. Does this mushroom look like Panaeolus cinctulus and if not what does Sometimes people with low levels of serotonin suffer from mood disorders such as depression or a general feeling of being down. Spores 1116 x 7.510 x 69 m, smooth, elliptical to rhomboid in face view, elliptical in side view. Panaeolus cinctulus: The Ultimate Mushroom Guide Psilocybe cyanescens: Wavy Cap Identification, Look Alikes & Experience Reddit Pokemon Go Raid Megathread, N-hexane Saturated Or Unsaturated, Tasha Cobbs Husband Net Worth, Fallout 4 0kb Bug, Cog Acronym Business, Gardens Of Time App Store, Back House For Rent In East Los Angeles, Ibanez Wiring Diagram 5 Way Switch Hsh, Author archive. Though they dont grow as large, P. foenisecii can easily be mistaken for less mature P. cinctulus mushrooms. While some online trip reports might make claims of different subjective effects, given the powerful impact of set and setting in any psychedelic experience, its hard to separate the effects of different species, especially considering that no two mushroom trips are ever the same. Give them a try. Oregon, USA. DoubleBlind Mag is devoted to fair, rigorous reporting by leading experts and journalists in the field of psychedelics. 13.5 cm; widely conical or bell-shaped, becoming convex or nearly flat; bald; hygrophanous; dark brown, changing to pale grayish brown, tan, or buffor with bands of these shades when in the process of drying out; often splitting radially with old age; the margin becoming finely lined. Edges are pale. From what I understand, pans are weak compared to, say cubes or woodlovers, with strong body load, and some prefer NOT to eat them. (1887)Panaeolus alveolatus Peck (1902)Panaeolus acidus Sumstine (1905) Campanularius semiglobatus Murrill (1911)Panaeolus semiglobatus (Murrill) Sacc. But so are some poisonous species, including the Deadly Galerina (Galerina marginata). The known benefits of P. cinctulus all stem from the fact that it contains psilocybin, a powerful and relatively safe psychoactive substance. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. Are there other magic mushrooms that have the word blue in the common name? (Im trying to remember something that was recommended to me and all I remember is the word blue). Only time will tell. Sometimes bruising at the base, but more than likely the stipe will be to dark to see any bruising. However, its important to always check laws in your region before foraging for psilocybin mushrooms; these naturally-occurring psychedelics are decriminalized in some places, but certainly not all. P. Antillarum has a thicker cap and is also lighter in color. Convex to campanulate, then broadly convex, finally expanding to nearly plane with a broad umbo. Much depends on the setting and on the users mindset going into the experience. there are thousands my friend :) as the boys told ya, get some more pics.-habitat-more fruit (with stem)-view spores under scope if u are serious about it and truly think u have a winner culture it, u got nothin tolose till u find the id for certain. ", "Neuroscience for Kids - Hallucinogenic Mushrooms", "Guide to Hunting and Identifying Panaeolus subbalteatus", "Erowid Psilocybin Mushroom Vault: Observations Regarding the Suspected Psychoactive Properties of Panaeolus foenisecii Maire", A Worldwide Geographical Distribution of the Neurotropic Fungi, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panaeolus_cinctulus&oldid=1123977219, This page was last edited on 26 November 2022, at 18:53. Underneath the cap, the densely packed gills are attached to the stem either narrowly (adnexed) or broadly (adnexed). The specific epithet foenisecii simply refers to haymaking. Panaeolus subbalteatus, commonly known as the banded mottlegill, weed Panaeolus or subbs is a very common, widely distributed psilocybin mushroom. There is evidence that children can become ill after eating these little brown mushrooms, and so on a precautionary basis at least they should be treated as toxic toadstools and not gathered for eating. PsilocybeChild attached the following image(s): "Notice that I use big words simply, if you are defined in their eyes as an intellectual, then they automatically put you in the harmless category and send resources elsewhere". Cap: Medium-sized, almost flat at maturity, tan to reddish or orangish brown. Panaeolus africanus, psychoactive. This zonate band can help identify the mushroombut remember that this feature may become less obvious as the cap begins to dry. While mistaking the Deadly Galerina for P. cinctulus is unlikely (the two do not share a habitat) it is possible, and the possibility is undoubtedly the most potentially dangerous thing about eating P. cinctulus. Other cases of mistaken identity could also cause problems, and running afoul of the law could be very serious. a hospital admission of a Scottish man and woman, relative concentrations of different alkaloids. However, in many national, state, and provincial drug laws, there is a great deal of ambiguity about the legal status of psilocybin mushrooms and the spores of these mushrooms. Most other psilocybin-containing mushrooms are LBMs, as are some culinary species, such as Enokitake and some honey mushrooms (like Armillaria Mellea). Possession of psilocybin mushrooms remains illegal in many countries. Given this variation in potency, some have found that a psychedelic experience brought on by a particularly strong batch of P. cinctulus might be more comparable to trip on a weaker variety of P. cubensis. Your email address will not be published. Panaeolus subalteatus Also known as: Panaeolus cinctulus Belted Panaeolus, banded mottlegill Order Agaricales, Family Psathyrellaceae CAP WITH DARK ZONE RINGING CAP EDGE Cap: 2-3.5 cm wide; broadly convex to plane; brownish with dark ring forming about one cm before the cap edge GILLS FIRST LIGHT THEN BLACKISH BROWN Some were thought to be psychoactive but turned out not to be and I've been told you gotta basically double your dose compared to cubes but, it depends on the environment where they grew out of. Due to its wide distribution, the origins of this mushroom are uncertaina factor which may have been further confused by commercial edible mushroom cultivators shipping spawn contaminated with P. cinctulus around the world. Galerina marginata: The Deadly Galerina Mushroom Identification & Info Its best to proceed with caution when trying out any new species of psychedelic mushroom for the first time and understand that when it comes to finding a comfortable dosage, a few weaker dose-finding trips might be preferable to one thats far too intense. If youre not feeling the familiar effects after an hour or so, you can always take a little more and see how you go from there. by calling or texting 6-2FIRESIDE. MyCoPortal. Drosophila foenisecii (Pers.) Compared to P. cinctulus this mushroom also doesnt show as obvious a color change depending on its moisture content. Panaeolus cinctulus is one of the most common species of magic mushrooms in the United States. Many experienced magic mushroom foragers state that the typical bluing reaction, found in both the mycelium and fruiting bodies, is less common in P. cinctulus. Picture of dried and bagged harvest from the last three days. Additionally healing-mushrooms.net is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com. Overdoses are rarely if ever fatal. Panaeolus cinctulus and Panaeolina foenisecii harvest and discussion Grows in dung (especially horse dung),compost, rotting hay and in well manured ground in the spring, summer and early fall. Found in all 50 states and in most countries. If an edible species somewhere has a toxic look-alike, chances are the look-alike is a cort [iv]. It may be that those out hunting for P. cinctulus are simply picking the mushrooms but ignoring the small sclerotia lying just below the surface. Panaeolus cinctulus: Identification, Look Alikes, Effects & Potency Identification and Description. Beug, M. W. & Bigwood, J. Psilocybin and psilocin levels in 20 species from 7 genera of wild mushrooms in the Pacific northwest, USA. Created: 2015-06-19 17:47:07 CDT (-0500)Last modified: 2022-04-18 22:14:39 CDT (-0500)Viewed: 7073 times, last viewed: 2023-03-03 11:30:18 CST (-0600)Show Log. Widely distributed. To tell these two apart, key distinguishing features include lighter stems and a dark brown (not black) spore print. Read: Mushroom Dosage: What Is the Right Amount of Shrooms? It has also been sighted in Melbourne, Australia, Central Queensland, Australia Belgium and The Czech Republic. Unfortunately, research has been hampered by the laws against psilocybin use. Do these have potential? (pictures inside) : ShroomID - Reddit However, potency can vary from specimen to specimen, plus human sensitivity also varies. Notes: Found this lone mushroom in a yard while passing by. 102k members in the ShroomID community. Due to the number of deadly similar-looking fungi, it is advisable to seek advice from a professional mycologist. The information found on healing-mushrooms.net is strictly the author expressing an opinion. Panaeolus cinctulus is mildly psychoactive. How to tell the difference between liberty caps and lookalikes like panaeolus? For that reason, I would like to share a company with you that in my opinion makes the best mushroom products on the market. Live plants. Panaeolus albidocinereus. Scientific classification: Class: Agaricomycetes; Order: Agaricales; Family: Bolbitiaceae; Genus: Panaeolus & Species: cyanescens. For this reason, it is not unheard of for people to try to cultivate these mushrooms themselves, although with varying levels of success since Panaeolus cyanescens is sensitive to the correct levels of air, temperature, and humidity. Banded Mottlegill Mushrooms (Panaeolus Cinctulus) - HealingMaps The banded part of this species name refers to the way the outer part of the cap is usually (not always) darker than the middle. Panaeolus cyanescens is a tropical and sub-tropical species. These mushrooms contain more active substances than other species. (1916)Panaeolus venenosus Murrill (1916)Psilocybe vernalis Velen. Read more about our, If youre looking for peer support during or after a psychedelic experience, contact. A virtual temple for exploring the fascinating world of mushrooms and their Thanks to Murills panicked journal article, the name poison panaeolus may have also been used for a number of years. Psilocybin and psilocin are listed as Class A (United Kingdom) or Schedule I (US) drugs under the United Nations 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances. Ever wondered why some Mushroom Supplements are so cheap? Because unpleasant side-effects become more likely at higher doses, its always better to err on the side of taking too little rather than taking too much. thank you. It didn't seem to bruise bright blue. Panaeolus cyanescens is hallocinogenic where P.Antillarum is not. Agaricus fimicola var. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); The statements made on healing-mushrooms.net have NOT been evaluated by the FDA. Geographical distribution: Common, especially in well-watered lawns in summer, throughout North America and Europe. & Broome) Sacc. Panaeolus cinctulus??? - Wild Mushrooming: Field and Forest Saprobic; growing alone to gregariously on lawns, in meadows, and in other grassy areas; widely distributed in North America, but apparently less common in the southeastern states (judging from online herbarium records); late spring, summer, and fall, or overwinter in warmer climates.
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